This study was conducted in Côte d'Ivoire, specifically in the Sud-Comoé region, encompassing the Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo zones. The aim was to identify and quantify pesticide residues in the soils of pineapple plantations in these areas. The study involved 60 soil samples, carefully collected at a rate of 20 samples per site. The samples were prepared and analysed using a SHIMADZU high-performance liquid chromatograph system. The analysis revealed the presence of pesticide residues, including glyphosate, aldicarb, profenofos, parathion-methyl, cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpropham, and lambda-cyhalothrin, in concentrations ranging from 0.022 to 0.088 mg/kg. The pesticide residues found belong to two major families of pesticides, namely insecticides and herbicides. Except for aldicarb and lambda-cyhalothrin, all detected residue levels were below the safety thresholds set by the Codex Alimentarius. This indicates that soils in these plantations could be capable of supporting the production of pineapples that meet quality standards for human consumption.
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Achieving diversification and food self-sufficiency has been at the heart of the Ivorian government's policy for the agricultural sector
[1]
Traore Kassoum, Forest cover in Côte d’Ivoire: a critical analysis of the forest management situation (classified forests, parks and reserves). The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 2018 Vol. 5 No. 2 (2018)
G. S. OUATTARA et al Physicochemical and sensory characterisation of various cashew apple and pineapple-based juice formulations. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2016) Vol. 10 No. 6 2447-2460.
[3]
Kpan et al, Phytosanitary practices in peri-urban and pesticide contamination of foodstuffs pesticides: the case of market gardeners in Port-Bouët (Abidjan) Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2019 Vol. 41(1): 68476863
Ngom et al., Pesticide contamination of agricultural produce and groundwater in the Niayes area of Senegal Journal / Synthèse: Revue des Sciences et de la Technologie 2012 Vol. 25 (2012): 119-130.
[5]
D Moussa, KL David, AK Narcissse, SD Baba, TK Sory, M Koné, D Ardjouma level of contamination of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum p. mill) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var capitata) by pesticide residues. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2019 Vol. 27 No. 1 Aug. 2019, pp. 295-300.
[6]
Muliele et al. Pesticide use and management in vegetable crops: the case of the Nkolo area in the province of Central Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2017 Vol. 119 (2017)
Jacquet F, Jeuffroy M-H, Jouan J, Le Cadre E, Malausa T, Reboud X, Huyghe C (coord.), 2022. Zero pesticides. A new research paradigm for sustainable agriculture, Versailles, editions Quæ, 244 p.
Diakalia, Irénée SOMDA, Anne LEGREVE and Bruno SCHIFFERS Analysis of the risks associated with pesticides use and measurement of Integrated Pest Management performance in tomato crops in Burkina Faso (PhD thesis). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2018) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2018)
Mondedji et al., Analysis of some aspects of the vegetable production system and producers' perception of the use of botanical extracts in the management of insect pests of market garden crops in southern Togo, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2015 Vol. 9 No. 1.
Kinimo Rene Yabile, PhD, determinants of household undernourishment in côte d'Ivoire: the case of the centre and centre-east regions. European Scientific Journal 2013 vol. 9, No. 14 e - ISSN 1857-743.
[1-10]
. One of the axes of this policy concerns fruit crops, in particular pineapple cultivation. Pineapples, being perennial plants, are rich in enzymes like bromelain which aids in protein, citric acid, malic acid and vitamins digestion
[2]
G. S. OUATTARA et al Physicochemical and sensory characterisation of various cashew apple and pineapple-based juice formulations. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2016) Vol. 10 No. 6 2447-2460.
[3]
Kpan et al, Phytosanitary practices in peri-urban and pesticide contamination of foodstuffs pesticides: the case of market gardeners in Port-Bouët (Abidjan) Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2019 Vol. 41(1): 68476863
Ngom et al., Pesticide contamination of agricultural produce and groundwater in the Niayes area of Senegal Journal / Synthèse: Revue des Sciences et de la Technologie 2012 Vol. 25 (2012): 119-130.
[5]
D Moussa, KL David, AK Narcissse, SD Baba, TK Sory, M Koné, D Ardjouma level of contamination of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum p. mill) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var capitata) by pesticide residues. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2019 Vol. 27 No. 1 Aug. 2019, pp. 295-300.
[6]
Muliele et al. Pesticide use and management in vegetable crops: the case of the Nkolo area in the province of Central Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2017 Vol. 119 (2017)
Jacquet F, Jeuffroy M-H, Jouan J, Le Cadre E, Malausa T, Reboud X, Huyghe C (coord.), 2022. Zero pesticides. A new research paradigm for sustainable agriculture, Versailles, editions Quæ, 244 p.
Diakalia, Irénée SOMDA, Anne LEGREVE and Bruno SCHIFFERS Analysis of the risks associated with pesticides use and measurement of Integrated Pest Management performance in tomato crops in Burkina Faso (PhD thesis). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2018) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2018)
Mondedji et al., Analysis of some aspects of the vegetable production system and producers' perception of the use of botanical extracts in the management of insect pests of market garden crops in southern Togo, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2015 Vol. 9 No. 1.
Kinimo Rene Yabile, PhD, determinants of household undernourishment in côte d'Ivoire: the case of the centre and centre-east regions. European Scientific Journal 2013 vol. 9, No. 14 e - ISSN 1857-743.
[11]
Nithikulworawong N., Jiwyam W. The Immunostimulatory Potential and Resistance Aeromonas hydrophila of Pineapple Peel Extract in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Studies, (2024). 24(5), AQUAST1829.
. As well as being rich in vitamins, pineapples play a crucial role in the local economy. Its cultivation generates income for many farmers and creates jobs in rural areas. As a major export product, especially to Europe and other international markets, it helps to diversify the country's exports and generate foreign currency. Pineapple production also enhances food security by providing nutritious food for the local population. Pineapple cultivation promotes rural development by improving local infrastructure, such as roads and markets, while stimulating other economic sectors linked to production and distribution. It also acts as a brake on rural exodus. Since June 1993, the Ivorian government has implemented a policy aimed at modernizing farming practices, which requires increasing use of agricultural inputs, particularly pesticides. While these inputs boost crop yields, excessive pesticide use poses serious risks. Pesticide accumulation can contaminate soils, endanger human health, and harm the environment
[3]
Kpan et al, Phytosanitary practices in peri-urban and pesticide contamination of foodstuffs pesticides: the case of market gardeners in Port-Bouët (Abidjan) Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2019 Vol. 41(1): 68476863
Ngom et al., Pesticide contamination of agricultural produce and groundwater in the Niayes area of Senegal Journal / Synthèse: Revue des Sciences et de la Technologie 2012 Vol. 25 (2012): 119-130.
[5]
D Moussa, KL David, AK Narcissse, SD Baba, TK Sory, M Koné, D Ardjouma level of contamination of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum p. mill) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var capitata) by pesticide residues. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2019 Vol. 27 No. 1 Aug. 2019, pp. 295-300.
[6]
Muliele et al. Pesticide use and management in vegetable crops: the case of the Nkolo area in the province of Central Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2017 Vol. 119 (2017)
Jacquet F, Jeuffroy M-H, Jouan J, Le Cadre E, Malausa T, Reboud X, Huyghe C (coord.), 2022. Zero pesticides. A new research paradigm for sustainable agriculture, Versailles, editions Quæ, 244 p.
Diakalia, Irénée SOMDA, Anne LEGREVE and Bruno SCHIFFERS Analysis of the risks associated with pesticides use and measurement of Integrated Pest Management performance in tomato crops in Burkina Faso (PhD thesis). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2018) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2018)
Mondedji et al., Analysis of some aspects of the vegetable production system and producers' perception of the use of botanical extracts in the management of insect pests of market garden crops in southern Togo, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2015 Vol. 9 No. 1.
Kinimo Rene Yabile, PhD, determinants of household undernourishment in côte d'Ivoire: the case of the centre and centre-east regions. European Scientific Journal 2013 vol. 9, No. 14 e - ISSN 1857-743.
[11]
Nithikulworawong N., Jiwyam W. The Immunostimulatory Potential and Resistance Aeromonas hydrophila of Pineapple Peel Extract in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Studies, (2024). 24(5), AQUAST1829.
Alengebawy, A.; Abdelkhalek, S. T.; Qureshi, S. R.; Wang, M.-Q. Heavy Metals andPesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics 2021, 9, 42.
Govinda Bhandari, Paul Zomer, Kishor Atreya, Hans G. J. Mol, Xiaomei Yang and Violette Geissen, Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks, Environmental Research, 2019
. It is in this context that we are endeavouring to assess the level of pesticide contamination in the soils of pineapple plantations in the coastal areas of Côte d'Ivoire, with a view to preventing possible contamination.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material
We collected 60 soil samples from the outskirts of Bonoua and Adiaké, focusing on areas like Samo, Assé, and Toumanguié. These samples were carefully analyzed in the laboratory using advanced equipment to ensure precise results. Key tools included an OHAUS electronic balance with a precision range of 1 mg to 0.1 g, a SEVERIN electric mixer, and a SIMUDZU HPLC system. Distilled water, methanol (purity 99.9%), sodium tetraborate (purity 99.5%), FMOC (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) (purity 98%) and dichloromethane (purity 99.8%) were used as solvents and reagents.
2.2. Methods
Following FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) guidelines, 60 soil samples were randomly collected from three distinct sites: Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo. Each site contributed an equal number of 20 samples, ensuring a balanced and representative sampling approach. Using a PVC pipe, a random sampling of soil was carried out, each sample weighing 500 g and taken at different depths: from 0 to 15 cm at the surface and from 15 to 30 cm at depth. Gloves were put on beforehand to avoid contamination. The samples were placed in polyethylene bags and labelled for identification. All the samples were then packed in a cool box and transported to the laboratory for analysis.
In the laboratory, we carried out the extraction of pesticide residues using a precise and methodical approach. From a uniformly ground sample, we measured out exactly 50 g. The resulting grind was placed in a clean, dry jar to ensure no contamination. The ground sample was thoroughly mixed with 100 mL of dichloromethane. The mixture was then agitated for 24 hours using an IKA orbital shaker, ensuring maximum interaction between the solvent and the sample. After agitation, the contents of the jar were carefully filtered through Wattman paper into a round-bottom flask. The filtrate was, then, subjected to evaporation using a BUCHI R-250 rotary evaporator. The process was conducted at a controlled temperature of 45°C for 15 minutes, reducing the solvent to dryness and leaving behind the pesticide residues.
(ii). Purification of Molecules Dosage Procedure
To ensure accurate analyses, this stage focused on removing substances that could interfere with the target molecules. Using a vacuum pump equipped with a pre-activated C18 column, we filtered the recovered residues. The C18 column had been activated beforehand with a mixture of 3 mL methanol and 2 mL distilled water. After filtering the residues with methanol in a tube, the resulting contents were carefully decanted into a vial and then injected into the chromatography system for analysis.
(iii). Identification and Quantification of Molecules Dosage Procedure
Pesticide detection was performed using a SHIMADZU High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with an Ultra-Violet detector. The HPLC system was equipped with an SIL-20A automatic injector, a CTO-20A column heater, and an Interchrom column (250 x 4.6 mm) with a particle diameter of 5 µm. The mobile phase comprised water and acetonitrile in a 75: 25 (v/v) ratio. The stationary phase is a VP-ODS shimpack reverse phase column. The eluent flow rate inside the column is 1 mL.min-1. The injection volume is 20 µL. Running time varies from 0 to 15 min. The pump used is a WATERS 600 gradient pump. The pressure is set at 13 MPa. The UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm was used to read and record the peaks, the different surfaces (S) of which were produced using a microprocessor assisted by SHIMADZU software.
2.2.2. Glyphosate Dosing Method
Glyphosate dosage procedure was carried out in three stages.
(i). Extraction of Glyphosate Dosing Method
To extract glyphosate, 100 mL of distilled water was added to 15 g of finely crushed soil sample. This mixture was vigorously homogenized for 30 minutes using an IKA orbital shaker. The homogenized solution was then filtered through Whatman No. 114 filter paper into a round-bottomed flask. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness using a BUCHI R-250 rotary evaporator at 45°C for 15 minutes. The residues were recovered with 5 mL of distilled water.
(ii). Purification of Glyphosate Dosing Method
The purification step removed interfering substances to isolate the target molecule. In a 50 mL Falcon tube, 1 mL of the recovered residue was combined with 1 mL of FMOC (9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) and 1 mL of sodium tetraborate solution. The mixture was vortexed and shaken in the dark for 30 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected and transferred into vials for HPLC analysis.
(iii). Identification and Quantification of Glyphosate Dosing Method
Identification and quantification of glyphosate followed the same HPLC procedure described above.
3. Results and Discussion
Molecule concentrations are generated by the chromatographic system as a function of detection surface values.
Analysis of soil samples from pineapple plantations in the various study areas revealed pesticide residues with different retention times. The findings are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Pesticide residues detected during the identification phase.
Molecules detected
TR (min)
TR (min)
standards
Assé
Toumanguié
Samo
Glyphosate
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.2
Aldicarb
11.5
12
11.5
ND
Profenofos
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
Parathion-methyl
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
Cyperméthrin
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
Permethrin
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
Deltamethrin
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.2
Lambda-cyhalothrin
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
Chlorpropham
3.7
ND
ND
3.7
ND= not found
3.1. Average Pesticide Residue Levels in the Soils of Pineapple Plantations in the Different Study Areas
Figure 1 illustrates the average concentrations of pesticide residues identified in the soils of three pineapple plantation locations: Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo.
Figure 1 illustrates the pesticide residues detected in the soils of three pineapple plantations: Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo. The residues identified primarily consist of insecticides and herbicides, with most insecticides belonging to the pyrethroid family. In the Assé plantation soils, aldicarb was found at the highest concentration (0.088 mg/kg), while parathion-methyl recorded the lowest concentration (0.002 mg/kg). In the Toumanguié soils, we found identical concentrations for lambda-cyhalothrin and parathion-methyl (0.05 mg.kg-1). Profenofos (0.009 mg.kg-1) had the lowest concentration. For the Samo plantation, the soil exhibited the highest concentration of cypermethrin (0.054 mg/kg), followed by lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05 mg/kg), while profenofos had the lowest concentration (0.007 mg/kg). The presence of these pesticide residues is likely due to their use in pest control to enhance fruit and vegetable productivity. Additionally, improper agricultural practices and a lack of awareness among some farmers could contribute to residue accumulation in the soil
[4]
Ngom et al., Pesticide contamination of agricultural produce and groundwater in the Niayes area of Senegal Journal / Synthèse: Revue des Sciences et de la Technologie 2012 Vol. 25 (2012): 119-130.
[4]
. A study carried out in market gardening, revealed the presence of the same chemical families of pesticides in cabbages and tomatoes, albeit in varying proportions
[5]
D Moussa, KL David, AK Narcissse, SD Baba, TK Sory, M Koné, D Ardjouma level of contamination of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum p. mill) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var capitata) by pesticide residues. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2019 Vol. 27 No. 1 Aug. 2019, pp. 295-300.
[5]
. Similarly, a study carried out in the Nkolo area of Kongo Central, Democratic Republic of Congo, identified insecticides and fungicides as the predominant pesticide types used in vegetable cultivation
[6]
Muliele et al. Pesticide use and management in vegetable crops: the case of the Nkolo area in the province of Central Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2017 Vol. 119 (2017)
. Aldicarb, commonly sold under the trade name TEMIK, is extensively used as an insecticide, miticide, and nematicide, which could explain its high soil concentration. Likewise, MATADOR (lambda-cyhalothrin) is another widely used pesticide for pest management. Pesticides are used extensively throughout the world, due to their affordable cost, wide range of effectiveness and low persistence in the environment
[7]
Jacquet F, Jeuffroy M-H, Jouan J, Le Cadre E, Malausa T, Reboud X, Huyghe C (coord.), 2022. Zero pesticides. A new research paradigm for sustainable agriculture, Versailles, editions Quæ, 244 p.
Diakalia, Irénée SOMDA, Anne LEGREVE and Bruno SCHIFFERS Analysis of the risks associated with pesticides use and measurement of Integrated Pest Management performance in tomato crops in Burkina Faso (PhD thesis). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2018) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2018)
Mondedji et al., Analysis of some aspects of the vegetable production system and producers' perception of the use of botanical extracts in the management of insect pests of market garden crops in southern Togo, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2015 Vol. 9 No. 1.
Kinimo Rene Yabile, PhD, determinants of household undernourishment in côte d'Ivoire: the case of the centre and centre-east regions. European Scientific Journal 2013 vol. 9, No. 14 e - ISSN 1857-743.
[11]
Nithikulworawong N., Jiwyam W. The Immunostimulatory Potential and Resistance Aeromonas hydrophila of Pineapple Peel Extract in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Studies, (2024). 24(5), AQUAST1829.
Alengebawy, A.; Abdelkhalek, S. T.; Qureshi, S. R.; Wang, M.-Q. Heavy Metals andPesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics 2021, 9, 42.
Govinda Bhandari, Paul Zomer, Kishor Atreya, Hans G. J. Mol, Xiaomei Yang and Violette Geissen, Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks, Environmental Research, 2019
Anjarwalla P, Belmain S, Sola P, Jamnadass R, Stevenson PC. 2016. Guide to pesticide plants. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya ISBN: 978-92-9059-397-3.
Figure 1. Average concentrations of pesticide residues detected in the soils of the Assé, Toumanguié and Samo pineapple plantations respectively.
3.2. Comparison of Pesticide Residue Levels with Codex Alimentarius Standards
Table 2. Compares the average concentrations of pesticide residues in the soils of the Assé, Toumanguié and Samo pineapple plantations with Codex Alimentarius standards.
Molecules detected
Average levels
FAO/WHO
Assé (mg/kg)
Toumanguié (mg/kg)
Samo (mg/kg)
MRL (mg/kg)
Organizations
Years
Glyphosate
0.017
0.02
0.018
0.05
Codex Alimentarius
2016
Aldicarb
0.088
0.041
ND
0.07
Codex Alimentarius
2011
Profenofos
0.004
0.009
0.007
0.07
Codex Alimentarius
2016
Parathion-methyl
0.002
0.05
0.028
5
Codex Alimentarius
2005
Cypermethrin
0.018
0.019
0.054
0.7
Codex Alimentarius
2009
Permethrin
0.027
0.022
0.034
2
ND
ND
Deltamethrin
0.035
0.035
0.044
0.03
Codex Alimentarius
2016
Lambda-Cyhalothrine
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.03
Codex Alimentarius
2016
Chlorpropham
ND
ND
0.032
0.07
Codex Alimentarius
2011
ND=not found
Analysis of Table 2 shows that aldicarb has the highest concentration in Assé soil at 0.088 mg/kg. Notably, this level exceeds the maximum residue limit (MRL) established by the Codex Alimentarius, indicating potential overuse of this pesticide. Similarly, lambda-cyhalothrin, with a concentration of 0.05 mg/kg, surpasses the permissible limits across all three study regions. In contrast, the concentrations of other detected substances remain within the safe thresholds defined by the Codex Alimentarius standards. This could suggests that farmers may have received adequate training in proper cultivation techniques, such as appropriate frequency of application, correct dosage, and optimal timing for harvesting. However, exceeding authorized limits is often linked to over-application during spraying
[8]
Diakalia, Irénée SOMDA, Anne LEGREVE and Bruno SCHIFFERS Analysis of the risks associated with pesticides use and measurement of Integrated Pest Management performance in tomato crops in Burkina Faso (PhD thesis). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2018) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2018)
. Additionally, certain environmental factors can hinder the complete degradation of some pesticide molecules, leading to their accumulation in the soil or on crops over time
[9]
Mondedji et al., Analysis of some aspects of the vegetable production system and producers' perception of the use of botanical extracts in the management of insect pests of market garden crops in southern Togo, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2015 Vol. 9 No. 1.
Kinimo Rene Yabile, PhD, determinants of household undernourishment in côte d'Ivoire: the case of the centre and centre-east regions. European Scientific Journal 2013 vol. 9, No. 14 e - ISSN 1857-743.
[11]
Nithikulworawong N., Jiwyam W. The Immunostimulatory Potential and Resistance Aeromonas hydrophila of Pineapple Peel Extract in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Studies, (2024). 24(5), AQUAST1829.
Alengebawy, A.; Abdelkhalek, S. T.; Qureshi, S. R.; Wang, M.-Q. Heavy Metals andPesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics 2021, 9, 42.
Govinda Bhandari, Paul Zomer, Kishor Atreya, Hans G. J. Mol, Xiaomei Yang and Violette Geissen, Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks, Environmental Research, 2019
Anjarwalla P, Belmain S, Sola P, Jamnadass R, Stevenson PC. 2016. Guide to pesticide plants. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya ISBN: 978-92-9059-397-3.
[15]
Manon Pierdet. Spatial and temporal evolution of the mobility of organic and inorganic contaminants in contrasting vineyard soils. Ecotoxicology. University of Bordeaux, 2020. French (NNT: 2020BORD0316).
[9-15]
. These findings highlight the importance of promoting sustainable agricultural practices and monitoring pesticide usage to minimize potential risks.
4. Conclusion
The chromatographic analysis carried out on the soils of the pineapple plantations from Assé, Toumanguié and Samo revealed nine pesticide residues. These include glyphosate, aldicarb, profenofos, parathion-methyl, cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpropham, and lambda-cyhalothrin. The residues found primarily fall into two categories: insecticides and herbicides. Most of the insecticides belong to the pyrethroid family. In addition to the insecticides, two herbicide, chlorpropham and glyphosate, were also detected. Aldicarb and lambda-cyhalothrin had the highest concentrations and exceeded the maximum residue limit set by Codex Alimentarius
[7]
Jacquet F, Jeuffroy M-H, Jouan J, Le Cadre E, Malausa T, Reboud X, Huyghe C (coord.), 2022. Zero pesticides. A new research paradigm for sustainable agriculture, Versailles, editions Quæ, 244 p.
. On the other hand, the other substances identified comply with the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius. The soils in these pineapple plantations are suitable for producing good quality fruit for human consumption.
Abbreviations
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organisation
FMOC
9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
HPLC
Chromatographie Liquide à Haute Performance
MRL
Maximum Residue Limit
TR
Retention Time
Acknowledgments
Thanks to my laboratory (LCRM) for the financial support. Thanks also to LANADA for agreeing to support our work.
Traore Kassoum, Forest cover in Côte d’Ivoire: a critical analysis of the forest management situation (classified forests, parks and reserves). The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 2018 Vol. 5 No. 2 (2018)
G. S. OUATTARA et al Physicochemical and sensory characterisation of various cashew apple and pineapple-based juice formulations. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2016) Vol. 10 No. 6 2447-2460.
[3]
Kpan et al, Phytosanitary practices in peri-urban and pesticide contamination of foodstuffs pesticides: the case of market gardeners in Port-Bouët (Abidjan) Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 2019 Vol. 41(1): 68476863
Ngom et al., Pesticide contamination of agricultural produce and groundwater in the Niayes area of Senegal Journal / Synthèse: Revue des Sciences et de la Technologie 2012 Vol. 25 (2012): 119-130.
[5]
D Moussa, KL David, AK Narcissse, SD Baba, TK Sory, M Koné, D Ardjouma level of contamination of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum p. mill) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var capitata) by pesticide residues. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2019 Vol. 27 No. 1 Aug. 2019, pp. 295-300.
[6]
Muliele et al. Pesticide use and management in vegetable crops: the case of the Nkolo area in the province of Central Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2017 Vol. 119 (2017)
Jacquet F, Jeuffroy M-H, Jouan J, Le Cadre E, Malausa T, Reboud X, Huyghe C (coord.), 2022. Zero pesticides. A new research paradigm for sustainable agriculture, Versailles, editions Quæ, 244 p.
Diakalia, Irénée SOMDA, Anne LEGREVE and Bruno SCHIFFERS Analysis of the risks associated with pesticides use and measurement of Integrated Pest Management performance in tomato crops in Burkina Faso (PhD thesis). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2018) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2018)
Mondedji et al., Analysis of some aspects of the vegetable production system and producers' perception of the use of botanical extracts in the management of insect pests of market garden crops in southern Togo, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2015 Vol. 9 No. 1.
Kinimo Rene Yabile, PhD, determinants of household undernourishment in côte d'Ivoire: the case of the centre and centre-east regions. European Scientific Journal 2013 vol. 9, No. 14 e - ISSN 1857-743.
[11]
Nithikulworawong N., Jiwyam W. The Immunostimulatory Potential and Resistance Aeromonas hydrophila of Pineapple Peel Extract in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Studies, (2024). 24(5), AQUAST1829.
Alengebawy, A.; Abdelkhalek, S. T.; Qureshi, S. R.; Wang, M.-Q. Heavy Metals andPesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics 2021, 9, 42.
Govinda Bhandari, Paul Zomer, Kishor Atreya, Hans G. J. Mol, Xiaomei Yang and Violette Geissen, Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks, Environmental Research, 2019
Anjarwalla P, Belmain S, Sola P, Jamnadass R, Stevenson PC. 2016. Guide to pesticide plants. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya ISBN: 978-92-9059-397-3.
[15]
Manon Pierdet. Spatial and temporal evolution of the mobility of organic and inorganic contaminants in contrasting vineyard soils. Ecotoxicology. University of Bordeaux, 2020. French (NNT: 2020BORD0316).
Marc, G. B. I., Franck, K. K., Eric-Simon, Z. V., Hermann, Y. Y. (2025). Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire). American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 13(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
Marc, G. B. I.; Franck, K. K.; Eric-Simon, Z. V.; Hermann, Y. Y. Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire). Am. J. Appl. Chem.2025, 13(1), 16-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
Marc GBI, Franck KK, Eric-Simon ZV, Hermann YY. Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire). Am J Appl Chem. 2025;13(1):16-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12,
author = {Gouli Bi Irié Marc and Konan Kouadio Franck and Zran Vanh Eric-Simon and Yapi Yapo Hermann},
title = {Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire)
},
journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {16-21},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20251301.12},
abstract = {This study was conducted in Côte d'Ivoire, specifically in the Sud-Comoé region, encompassing the Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo zones. The aim was to identify and quantify pesticide residues in the soils of pineapple plantations in these areas. The study involved 60 soil samples, carefully collected at a rate of 20 samples per site. The samples were prepared and analysed using a SHIMADZU high-performance liquid chromatograph system. The analysis revealed the presence of pesticide residues, including glyphosate, aldicarb, profenofos, parathion-methyl, cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpropham, and lambda-cyhalothrin, in concentrations ranging from 0.022 to 0.088 mg/kg. The pesticide residues found belong to two major families of pesticides, namely insecticides and herbicides. Except for aldicarb and lambda-cyhalothrin, all detected residue levels were below the safety thresholds set by the Codex Alimentarius. This indicates that soils in these plantations could be capable of supporting the production of pineapples that meet quality standards for human consumption.
},
year = {2025}
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire)
AU - Gouli Bi Irié Marc
AU - Konan Kouadio Franck
AU - Zran Vanh Eric-Simon
AU - Yapi Yapo Hermann
Y1 - 2025/04/14
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
DO - 10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
T2 - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP - 16
EP - 21
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-8745
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
AB - This study was conducted in Côte d'Ivoire, specifically in the Sud-Comoé region, encompassing the Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo zones. The aim was to identify and quantify pesticide residues in the soils of pineapple plantations in these areas. The study involved 60 soil samples, carefully collected at a rate of 20 samples per site. The samples were prepared and analysed using a SHIMADZU high-performance liquid chromatograph system. The analysis revealed the presence of pesticide residues, including glyphosate, aldicarb, profenofos, parathion-methyl, cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpropham, and lambda-cyhalothrin, in concentrations ranging from 0.022 to 0.088 mg/kg. The pesticide residues found belong to two major families of pesticides, namely insecticides and herbicides. Except for aldicarb and lambda-cyhalothrin, all detected residue levels were below the safety thresholds set by the Codex Alimentarius. This indicates that soils in these plantations could be capable of supporting the production of pineapples that meet quality standards for human consumption.
VL - 13
IS - 1
ER -
Marc, G. B. I., Franck, K. K., Eric-Simon, Z. V., Hermann, Y. Y. (2025). Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire). American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 13(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
Marc, G. B. I.; Franck, K. K.; Eric-Simon, Z. V.; Hermann, Y. Y. Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire). Am. J. Appl. Chem.2025, 13(1), 16-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
Marc GBI, Franck KK, Eric-Simon ZV, Hermann YY. Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire). Am J Appl Chem. 2025;13(1):16-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12,
author = {Gouli Bi Irié Marc and Konan Kouadio Franck and Zran Vanh Eric-Simon and Yapi Yapo Hermann},
title = {Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire)
},
journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {16-21},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20251301.12},
abstract = {This study was conducted in Côte d'Ivoire, specifically in the Sud-Comoé region, encompassing the Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo zones. The aim was to identify and quantify pesticide residues in the soils of pineapple plantations in these areas. The study involved 60 soil samples, carefully collected at a rate of 20 samples per site. The samples were prepared and analysed using a SHIMADZU high-performance liquid chromatograph system. The analysis revealed the presence of pesticide residues, including glyphosate, aldicarb, profenofos, parathion-methyl, cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpropham, and lambda-cyhalothrin, in concentrations ranging from 0.022 to 0.088 mg/kg. The pesticide residues found belong to two major families of pesticides, namely insecticides and herbicides. Except for aldicarb and lambda-cyhalothrin, all detected residue levels were below the safety thresholds set by the Codex Alimentarius. This indicates that soils in these plantations could be capable of supporting the production of pineapples that meet quality standards for human consumption.
},
year = {2025}
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of Pesticide Contamination Levels in Pineapple Plantations Soils in Three Areas of the Sud-comoé Region (Côte D'Ivoire)
AU - Gouli Bi Irié Marc
AU - Konan Kouadio Franck
AU - Zran Vanh Eric-Simon
AU - Yapi Yapo Hermann
Y1 - 2025/04/14
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
DO - 10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
T2 - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP - 16
EP - 21
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-8745
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20251301.12
AB - This study was conducted in Côte d'Ivoire, specifically in the Sud-Comoé region, encompassing the Assé, Toumanguié, and Samo zones. The aim was to identify and quantify pesticide residues in the soils of pineapple plantations in these areas. The study involved 60 soil samples, carefully collected at a rate of 20 samples per site. The samples were prepared and analysed using a SHIMADZU high-performance liquid chromatograph system. The analysis revealed the presence of pesticide residues, including glyphosate, aldicarb, profenofos, parathion-methyl, cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpropham, and lambda-cyhalothrin, in concentrations ranging from 0.022 to 0.088 mg/kg. The pesticide residues found belong to two major families of pesticides, namely insecticides and herbicides. Except for aldicarb and lambda-cyhalothrin, all detected residue levels were below the safety thresholds set by the Codex Alimentarius. This indicates that soils in these plantations could be capable of supporting the production of pineapples that meet quality standards for human consumption.
VL - 13
IS - 1
ER -
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